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<article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"><div class="article__header"><header><h1 style="color:Tomato;">Comprendre les grands principes de la cryptologie et du chiffrement (CNIL)</h1></header></div><meta itemprop="headline" content="Comprendre les grands principes de la cryptologie et du chiffrement (CNIL)"><div class="article__info clearfix"><ul class="left-col menu"><li>
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<i class="far fa-calendar-alt"></i>&nbsp;<span title="Création" style="color:#FF00FF">17&nbsp;nov.&nbsp;&nbsp;2016</span></li></ul></div><meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2016-11-17T00:00:00+01:00">
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</details><h1 id="comprendre-les-grands-principes-de-la-cryptologie-et-du-chiffrement">Comprendre les grands principes de la cryptologie et du chiffrement</h1>
<p><a href="https://www.cnil.fr/fr/comprendre-les-grands-principes-de-la-cryptologie-et-du-chiffrement">Comprendre les grands principes de la cryptologie et du chiffrement (CNIL)</a> 25 octobre 2016</p>
<p>Historiquement, la cryptologie correspond à la science du secret,c’est-à-dire au chiffrement.<br />
Aujourd’hui, elle s’est élargie au fait de prouver qui est l’auteur d’un message et s’il a été modifié ou non,grâce aux signatures numériques et aux fonctions de hachage.</p>
<p>À l’occasion du mois européen de la cybersécurité, la CNIL vous explique ce que c’est et à quoi ça sert.</p>
<p><img src="/images/614122283.png" alt="1_usages" /></p>
<p>Étymologiquement, la cryptologie est la science (λόγος) du secret (κρυπτός) .<br />
Elle réunit la cryptographie (« écriture secrète ») et la cryptanalyse (étude des attaques contre les mécanismes de cryptographie).</p>
<p>La cryptologie ne se limite plus aujourd’hui à assurer la confidentialité des secrets.<br />
Elle s’est élargie au fait d’assurer mathématiquement d’autres notions :</p>
<ul>
<li>assurer l’ authenticité d’un message (qui a envoyé ce message ?)</li>
<li>assurer son intégrité (est-ce qu’il a été modifié ?).</li>
</ul>
<p>Pour assurer ces usages, la cryptologie regroupe quatre principales fonctions :</p>
<ul>
<li>le hachage sans clé</li>
<li>le hachage avec clé</li>
<li>la signature numérique</li>
<li>le chiffrement.</li>
</ul>
<p>Pour expliquer la cryptologie, nous utiliserons dans nos exemples les personnages traditionnels en cryptographie : Alice et Bob.</p>
<h2 id="pourquoi-la-cryptologie-existe-t-elle-">Pourquoi la cryptologie existe-t-elle ?</h2>
<h3 id="1-pour-assurer-lintégrité-du-message--le--hachage">1. Pour assurer l’intégrité du message : le hachage</h3>
<p>La cryptologie permet justement de détecter si le message, ou l’information, a été involontairement modifié.<br />
Ainsi, une «<strong>fonction de hachage</strong>» permettra d’associer à un message, à un fichier ou à un répertoire, une empreinte unique calculable et vérifiable par tous.<br />
Cette empreinte est souvent matérialisée par une longue suite de chiffres et de lettres précédées du nom de l’algorithme utilisé, par exemple « SHA2» ou « SHA256 ».</p>
<p>Il ne faut pas confondre le chiffrement, qui permet d’assurer la confidentialité, c’est-à-dire que seules les personnes visées peuvent y avoir accès (voir «<strong>Pour assurer la confidentialité du message</strong> »), et le hachage qui permet de garantir que le message est intègre, c’est-à-dire qu’il n’a pas été modifié.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Le hachage, pour quoi faire ?</strong><br />
<em>Pour sauvegarder vos photos sur votre espace d’hébergement (de type « cloud » par exemple) et vérifier que votre téléchargement s’est bien déroulé ?</em> <br />
<em>Pour sychroniser vos dossiers et détecter ceux qu’il faut sauvegarder à nouveau et ceux qui n’ont pas été modifiés ?</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="/images/1348164768.png" alt="2_hachage" /></p>
<p>Il existe aussi des «<strong>fonctions de hachage à clé</strong>» qui permettent de rendre le calcul de l’empreinte différent en fonction de la clé utilisée.<br />
Avec celles-ci, pour calculer une empreinte, on utilise une clé secrète.<br />
Pour deux clés différentes l’empreinte obtenue sur un même message sera différente.<br />
Donc pour qu’Alice et Bob calculent la même empreinte, ils doivent tous les deux utiliser la même clé.</p>
<p>C’est parmi ces fonctions de hachage à clé que l’on trouve celles utilisées pour stocker les mots de passe de façon sécurisée.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Le hachage à clé, pour quoi faire ?</strong> <br />
<em>Votre service préféré reconnait votre mot de passe quand vous vous connectez ?</em><br />
<em>Vous voulez pouvoir détecter si quelqu’un modifie des documents sans vous le dire ?</em></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="2-pour-assurer-lauthenticité-du-message--la-signature">2. Pour assurer l’authenticité du message : la signature</h3>
<p>Au même titre que pour un document administratif ou un contrat sur support papier, le mécanisme de la «<strong>signature</strong>» - numérique - permet de vérifier qu’un message a bien été envoyé par le détenteur d’une « clé publique ».<br />
Ce procédé cryptographique permet à toute personne de s’assurer de l’identité de l’auteur d’un document et permet en plus d’assurer que celui-ci n’a pas été modifié.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>La signature numérique, pour quoi faire ?</strong> <br />
<em>Vous voulez garantir être l’émetteur d’un courriel ?</em> <br />
<em>Vous voulez vous assurer qu’une information provient d’une source sûre ?</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Pour pouvoir signer, Alice doit se munir d’une paire de clés :</p>
<ul>
<li>l’une, dite « <strong>publique</strong> », qui peut être accessible à tous et en particulier à Bob qui est le destinataire des messages qu’envoie Alice.</li>
<li>l’autre, dite « <strong>privée</strong> », qui ne doit être connue que d’Alice.</li>
</ul>
<p>En pratique, Alice génère sa signature avec sa clé privée qui n’est connue que d’elle. N’importe quelle personne ayant accès à la clé publique d’Alice, dont Bob, peut vérifier la signature sans échanger de secret.</p>
<p><img src="/images/863916409.png" alt="3_integrite" /></p>
<h3 id="3-pour-assurer-la-confidentialité-du-message--le-chiffrement">3. Pour assurer la confidentialité du message : le chiffrement</h3>
<p>Le chiffrement d’un message permet justement de garantir que seuls l’émetteur et le(s) destinataire(s) légitime(s) d’un message en connaissent le contenu.<br />
C’est une sorte d’enveloppe scellée numérique. Une fois chiffré, faute d’avoir la clé spécifique, un message est inaccessible et illisible, que ce soit par les humains ou les machines.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Le chiffrement, pour quoi faire ?</strong><br />
<em>Vous voulez vous assurer que seul le destinataire ait accès au message ?</em><br />
<em>Vous souhaitez envoyer ces informations sous enveloppe numérique et non lisible par tous comme sur une carte postale ?</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Il existe deux grandes familles de chiffrement : le chiffrement symétrique et le chiffrement asymétrique.</p>
<p>Le <strong>chiffrement symétrique</strong> permet de chiffrer et de déchiffrer un contenu avec la même clé, appelée alors la « clé secrète ».<br />
Le chiffrement symétrique est particulièrement rapide mais nécessite que l’émetteur et le destinataire se mettent d’accord sur une clé secrète commune ou se la transmettent par un autre canal.<br />
Celui-ci doit être choisi avec précautions, sans quoi la clé pourrait être récupérée par les mauvaises personnes, ce qui n’assurerait plus la confidentialité du message.</p>
<p>Le <strong>chiffrement asymétrique</strong> suppose que le (futur) destinataire est muni d’une paire de clés (clé privée, clé publique) et qu’il a fait en sorte que les émetteurs potentiels aient accès à sa clé publique.<br />
Dans ce cas, l’émetteur utilise la clé publique du destinataire pour chiffrer le message tandis que le destinataire utilise sa clé privée pour le déchiffrer.</p>
<p>Parmi ses avantages, la clé publique peut être connue de tous et publiée.<br />
Mais <strong>attention</strong> : il est nécessaire que les émetteurs aient confiance en l’origine de la clé publique, qu’ils soient sûrs qu’il s’agit bien de celle du destinataire.</p>
<p>Autre point fort : plus besoin de partager une même clé secrète ! Le chiffrement asymétrique permet de s’en dispenser. Mais il est malheureusement plus lent.</p>
<p>Pour cette dernière raison, il existe une technique combinant chiffrements « symétrique » et « asymétrique », mieux connue sous le nom de « <strong>chiffrement hybride</strong> ».</p>
<p>Cette fois, une clé secrète est déterminée par une des deux parties souhaitant communiquer et celle-ci est envoyée chiffrée par un chiffrement asymétrique. Une fois connue des deux parties, celles-ci communiquent en chiffrant symétriquement leurs échanges. Cette technique est notamment appliquée lorsque <strong>vous visitez un site dont l’adresse débute par « https »</strong>.</p>
<p><img src="/images/1843260910.png" alt="4_confidentialite" /></p>
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this.validate = function (parameters) {
const errors = []
requiredOptions.forEach(function (requiredOptionName) {
if (typeof parameters[requiredOptionName] === 'undefined') {
errors.push(requiredOptionName)
}
})
return errors
}
function validateParams (params) {
if (!params) {
return false
}
return typeof params.required !== 'undefined' && params.required instanceof Array
}
}
'use strict'
var _$utils_9 = {
merge: merge,
isJSON: isJSON
}
function merge (defaultParams, mergeParams) {
const mergedOptions = {}
for (const option in defaultParams) {
mergedOptions[option] = defaultParams[option]
if (typeof mergeParams[option] !== 'undefined') {
mergedOptions[option] = mergeParams[option]
}
}
return mergedOptions
}
function isJSON (json) {
try {
if (json instanceof Object && JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(json))) {
return true
}
return false
} catch (err) {
return false
}
}
var _$src_8 = {};
(function (window) {
'use strict'
let options = {
searchInput: null,
resultsContainer: null,
json: [],
success: Function.prototype,
searchResultTemplate: '<li><a href="{url}" title="{desc}">{title}</a></li>',
templateMiddleware: Function.prototype,
sortMiddleware: function () {
return 0
},
noResultsText: 'No results found',
limit: 10,
fuzzy: false,
debounceTime: null,
exclude: []
}
let debounceTimerHandle
const debounce = function (func, delayMillis) {
if (delayMillis) {
clearTimeout(debounceTimerHandle)
debounceTimerHandle = setTimeout(func, delayMillis)
} else {
func.call()
}
}
const requiredOptions = ['searchInput', 'resultsContainer', 'json']
/* removed: const _$Templater_7 = require('./Templater') */;
/* removed: const _$Repository_4 = require('./Repository') */;
/* removed: const _$JSONLoader_2 = require('./JSONLoader') */;
const optionsValidator = _$OptionsValidator_3({
required: requiredOptions
})
/* removed: const _$utils_9 = require('./utils') */;
window.SimpleJekyllSearch = function (_options) {
const errors = optionsValidator.validate(_options)
if (errors.length > 0) {
throwError('You must specify the following required options: ' + requiredOptions)
}
options = _$utils_9.merge(options, _options)
_$Templater_7.setOptions({
template: options.searchResultTemplate,
middleware: options.templateMiddleware
})
_$Repository_4.setOptions({
fuzzy: options.fuzzy,
limit: options.limit,
sort: options.sortMiddleware,
exclude: options.exclude
})
if (_$utils_9.isJSON(options.json)) {
initWithJSON(options.json)
} else {
initWithURL(options.json)
}
const rv = {
search: search
}
typeof options.success === 'function' && options.success.call(rv)
return rv
}
function initWithJSON (json) {
_$Repository_4.put(json)
registerInput()
}
function initWithURL (url) {
_$JSONLoader_2.load(url, function (err, json) {
if (err) {
throwError('failed to get JSON (' + url + ')')
}
initWithJSON(json)
})
}
function emptyResultsContainer () {
options.resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''
}
function appendToResultsContainer (text) {
options.resultsContainer.innerHTML += text
}
function registerInput () {
options.searchInput.addEventListener('input', function (e) {
if (isWhitelistedKey(e.which)) {
emptyResultsContainer()
debounce(function () { search(e.target.value) }, options.debounceTime)
}
})
}
function search (query) {
if (isValidQuery(query)) {
emptyResultsContainer()
render(_$Repository_4.search(query), query)
}
}
function render (results, query) {
const len = results.length
if (len === 0) {
return appendToResultsContainer(options.noResultsText)
}
for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
results[i].query = query
appendToResultsContainer(_$Templater_7.compile(results[i]))
}
}
function isValidQuery (query) {
return query && query.length > 0
}
function isWhitelistedKey (key) {
return [13, 16, 20, 37, 38, 39, 40, 91].indexOf(key) === -1
}
function throwError (message) {
throw new Error('SimpleJekyllSearch --- ' + message)
}
})(window)
}());
</script>
<!-- Configuration -->
<script>
SimpleJekyllSearch({
searchInput: document.getElementById('search-input'),
resultsContainer: document.getElementById('results-container'),
noResultsText: '<p>Aucun résultat!</p>',
json: '/search.json',
searchResultTemplate: '<li><a href="{url}">{date}&nbsp;{title}</a>&nbsp;(Création {create})</li>'
})
</script>
</div></div>
<script>(function() {
var SOURCES = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.sources;
window.Lazyload.js(SOURCES.jquery, function() {
function scrollToAnchor(anchor, duration, callback) {
var $root = this;
$root.animate({ scrollTop: $(anchor).position().top }, duration, function() {
window.history.replaceState(null, '', window.location.href.split('#')[0] + anchor);
callback && callback();
});
}
$.fn.scrollToAnchor = scrollToAnchor;
});
})();
(function() {
var SOURCES = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.sources;
window.Lazyload.js(SOURCES.jquery, function() {
function affix(options) {
var $root = this, $window = $(window), $scrollTarget, $scroll,
offsetBottom = 0, scrollTarget = window, scroll = window.document, disabled = false, isOverallScroller = true,
rootTop, rootLeft, rootHeight, scrollBottom, rootBottomTop,
hasInit = false, curState;
function setOptions(options) {
var _options = options || {};
_options.offsetBottom && (offsetBottom = _options.offsetBottom);
_options.scrollTarget && (scrollTarget = _options.scrollTarget);
_options.scroll && (scroll = _options.scroll);
_options.disabled !== undefined && (disabled = _options.disabled);
$scrollTarget = $(scrollTarget);
isOverallScroller = window.isOverallScroller($scrollTarget[0]);
$scroll = $(scroll);
}
function preCalc() {
top();
rootHeight = $root.outerHeight();
rootTop = $root.offset().top + (isOverallScroller ? 0 : $scrollTarget.scrollTop());
rootLeft = $root.offset().left;
}
function calc(needPreCalc) {
needPreCalc && preCalc();
scrollBottom = $scroll.outerHeight() - offsetBottom - rootHeight;
rootBottomTop = scrollBottom - rootTop;
}
function top() {
if (curState !== 'top') {
$root.removeClass('fixed').css({
left: 0,
top: 0
});
curState = 'top';
}
}
function fixed() {
if (curState !== 'fixed') {
$root.addClass('fixed').css({
left: rootLeft + 'px',
top: 0
});
curState = 'fixed';
}
}
function bottom() {
if (curState !== 'bottom') {
$root.removeClass('fixed').css({
left: 0,
top: rootBottomTop + 'px'
});
curState = 'bottom';
}
}
function setState() {
var scrollTop = $scrollTarget.scrollTop();
if (scrollTop >= rootTop && scrollTop <= scrollBottom) {
fixed();
} else if (scrollTop < rootTop) {
top();
} else {
bottom();
}
}
function init() {
if(!hasInit) {
var interval, timeout;
calc(true); setState();
// run calc every 100 millisecond
interval = setInterval(function() {
calc();
}, 100);
timeout = setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
}, 45000);
window.pageLoad.then(function() {
setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
clearTimeout(timeout);
}, 3000);
});
$scrollTarget.on('scroll', function() {
disabled || setState();
});
$window.on('resize', function() {
disabled || (calc(true), setState());
});
hasInit = true;
}
}
setOptions(options);
if (!disabled) {
init();
}
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
init();
}, 200));
return {
setOptions: setOptions,
refresh: function() {
calc(true, { animation: false }); setState();
}
};
}
$.fn.affix = affix;
});
})();
(function() {
var SOURCES = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.sources;
window.Lazyload.js(SOURCES.jquery, function() {
function toc(options) {
var $root = this, $window = $(window), $scrollTarget, $scroller, $tocUl = $('<ul class="toc toc--ellipsis"></ul>'), $tocLi, $headings, $activeLast, $activeCur,
selectors = 'h1,h2,h3', container = 'body', scrollTarget = window, scroller = 'html, body', disabled = false,
headingsPos, scrolling = false, hasRendered = false, hasInit = false;
function setOptions(options) {
var _options = options || {};
_options.selectors && (selectors = _options.selectors);
_options.container && (container = _options.container);
_options.scrollTarget && (scrollTarget = _options.scrollTarget);
_options.scroller && (scroller = _options.scroller);
_options.disabled !== undefined && (disabled = _options.disabled);
$headings = $(container).find(selectors).filter('[id]');
$scrollTarget = $(scrollTarget);
$scroller = $(scroller);
}
function calc() {
headingsPos = [];
$headings.each(function() {
headingsPos.push(Math.floor($(this).position().top));
});
}
function setState(element, disabled) {
var scrollTop = $scrollTarget.scrollTop(), i;
if (disabled || !headingsPos || headingsPos.length < 1) { return; }
if (element) {
$activeCur = element;
} else {
for (i = 0; i < headingsPos.length; i++) {
if (scrollTop >= headingsPos[i]) {
$activeCur = $tocLi.eq(i);
} else {
$activeCur || ($activeCur = $tocLi.eq(i));
break;
}
}
}
$activeLast && $activeLast.removeClass('active');
($activeLast = $activeCur).addClass('active');
}
function render() {
if(!hasRendered) {
$root.append($tocUl);
$headings.each(function() {
var $this = $(this);
$tocUl.append($('<li></li>').addClass('toc-' + $this.prop('tagName').toLowerCase())
.append($('<a></a>').text($this.text()).attr('href', '#' + $this.prop('id'))));
});
$tocLi = $tocUl.children('li');
$tocUl.on('click', 'a', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
var $this = $(this);
scrolling = true;
setState($this.parent());
$scroller.scrollToAnchor($this.attr('href'), 400, function() {
scrolling = false;
});
});
}
hasRendered = true;
}
function init() {
var interval, timeout;
if(!hasInit) {
render(); calc(); setState(null, scrolling);
// run calc every 100 millisecond
interval = setInterval(function() {
calc();
}, 100);
timeout = setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
}, 45000);
window.pageLoad.then(function() {
setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
clearTimeout(timeout);
}, 3000);
});
$scrollTarget.on('scroll', function() {
disabled || setState(null, scrolling);
});
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
if (!disabled) {
render(); calc(); setState(null, scrolling);
}
}, 100));
}
hasInit = true;
}
setOptions(options);
if (!disabled) {
init();
}
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
init();
}, 200));
return {
setOptions: setOptions
};
}
$.fn.toc = toc;
});
})();
/*(function () {
})();*/
</script><script>
/* toc must before affix, since affix need to konw toc' height. */(function() {
var SOURCES = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.sources;
var TOC_SELECTOR = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.site.toc.selectors;
window.Lazyload.js(SOURCES.jquery, function() {
var $window = $(window);
var $articleContent = $('.js-article-content');
var $tocRoot = $('.js-toc-root'), $col2 = $('.js-col-aside');
var toc;
var tocDisabled = false;
var hasSidebar = $('.js-page-root').hasClass('layout--page--sidebar');
var hasToc = $articleContent.find(TOC_SELECTOR).length > 0;
function disabled() {
return $col2.css('display') === 'none' || !hasToc;
}
tocDisabled = disabled();
toc = $tocRoot.toc({
selectors: TOC_SELECTOR,
container: $articleContent,
scrollTarget: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
scroller: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
disabled: tocDisabled
});
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
tocDisabled = disabled();
toc && toc.setOptions({
disabled: tocDisabled
});
}, 100));
});
})();
(function() {
var SOURCES = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.sources;
window.Lazyload.js(SOURCES.jquery, function() {
var $window = $(window), $pageFooter = $('.js-page-footer');
var $pageAside = $('.js-page-aside');
var affix;
var tocDisabled = false;
var hasSidebar = $('.js-page-root').hasClass('layout--page--sidebar');
affix = $pageAside.affix({
offsetBottom: $pageFooter.outerHeight(),
scrollTarget: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
scroller: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
scroll: hasSidebar ? $('.js-page-main').children() : null,
disabled: tocDisabled
});
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
affix && affix.setOptions({
disabled: tocDisabled
});
}, 100));
window.pageAsideAffix = affix;
});
})();
</script><!---->
</div>
<script>(function () {
var $root = document.getElementsByClassName('root')[0];
if (window.hasEvent('touchstart')) {
$root.dataset.isTouch = true;
document.addEventListener('touchstart', function(){}, false);
}
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>
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