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<article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"><div class="article__header"><header><h1 style="color:Tomato;">_python-flask</h1></header></div><meta itemprop="headline" content="_python-flask"><div class="article__info clearfix"><ul class="left-col menu"><li>
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<i class="far fa-calendar-alt"></i>&nbsp;<span title="Création" style="color:#FF00FF">25&nbsp;déc.&nbsp;&nbsp;2019</span>
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</details><h1 id="flask">Flask</h1>
<h2 id="restful-api-pythonflask">RESTful API Python+Flask</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://flask.pocoo.org">Site officiel Flask</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://idak.developpez.com/tutoriels/spring/creation-restfull-serviceweb/">Tutoriel sur la création de Web services RESTful avec Spring </a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-i-hello-world">The Flask Mega-Tutorial</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://phollow.fr/2012/08/demarrer-la-creation-site-python-flask/">Démarrer la création dun site avec Python et Flask</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/designing-a-restful-api-with-python-and-flask">Designing a RESTful API with Python and Flask</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://vladikk.com/2013/09/12/serving-flask-with-nginx-on-ubuntu/">Serving Flask With Nginx</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https///gist.github.com/evildmp/3094281">Set up Django, nginx and uwsgi</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https///yanspm.com/owncloud/index.php/s/aKdlawOfIWwdPTY?path=%2Fpython">Répertoire documentation</a></p>
<h3 id="version-python">Version python</h3>
<p>Version python installée
python version
Python 2.7.9</p>
<h3 id="virtualenv">virtualenv</h3>
<p>Installation pip
sudo apt-get install python-pip
Installation virtualenv
sudo pip install virtualenv</p>
<p>Une fois que vous avez installé <strong>virtualenv</strong>, exécuter les commandes suivantes sans le préfixe sudo.</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>mkdir ~/restful
cd restful
virtualenv vflask
</code></pre></div></div>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;file&gt;</code>
New python executable in vflask/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip…done.
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;/file&gt;</code>
Maintenant, chaque fois que vous souhaitez travailler sur un projet, il suffit dactiver lenvironnement correspondant. Sur OS X et Linux, procédez comme suit:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>. vflask/bin/activate
(vflask)xino@olinuxino:~/restful$
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Vous devriez maintenant être en mesure dutiliser votre virtualenv (remarquez comment linvite de votre shell a changé pour montrer lenvironnement actif).</p>
<h3 id="flaskinstallation">flask/installation</h3>
<p>Installer flask
(vflask)xino@olinuxino:~/restful$ pip install flask</p>
<p>Une simple page web
nano app_rest.py</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>:::python
#!vflask/bin/python
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def index():
return "Hello, World!"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Exécution code serveur
chmod a+x app_rest.py
./app_rest.py
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;file&gt;</code></p>
<ul>
<li>Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)</li>
<li>Restarting with stat
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;/file&gt;</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Sur une autre fenêtre terminal
curl http://localhost:5000
Hello, World!</p>
<h3 id="restful-services-python-flask">RESTful services Python Flask</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p>http://vladikk.com/2013/09/12/serving-flask-with-nginx-on-ubuntu/</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>http://blog.luisrei.com/articles/flaskrest.html</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/designing-a-restful-api-with-python-and-flask">Designing a RESTful API with Python and Flask</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>HTTP Method URI Action</p>
<p>GET http://[hostname]/todo/api/v1.0/tasks Retrieve list of tasks
curl -u “yann:spm” -i https://mps.ovh/todo/api/v1.0/tasks
GET http://[hostname]/todo/api/v1.0/tasks/[task_id] Retrieve a task
curl -u “yann:spm” -i https://mps.ovh/todo/api/v1.0/tasks/2
POST http://[hostname]/todo/api/v1.0/tasks Create a new task
curl -u “yann:spm” -i -H “Content-Type: application/json” -X POST -d {“title”:”Read a book”} https://mps.ovh/todo/api/v1.0/tasks
PUT http://[hostname]/todo/api/v1.0/tasks/[task_id] Update an existing task
curl -u “yann:spm” -i -H “Content-Type: application/json” -X PUT -d {“description”:”essai”,”done”:true} https://mps.ovh/todo/api/v1.0/tasks/3
DELETE http://[hostname]/todo/api/v1.0/tasks/[task_id] Delete a task</p>
<p>We can define a task as having the following fields:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>*id: unique identifier for tasks. Numeric type.
*title: short task description. String type.
*description: long task description. Text type.
*done: task completion state. Boolean type.
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="uwsgi">uWSGI</h3>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>(vflask)xino@olinuxino:~/restful$ sudo apt-get install build-essential python python-dev
(vflask)xino@olinuxino:~/restful$ pip install uwsgi #patienter ,installation très longue !!! `&lt;file&gt;` Collecting uwsgi
Using cached uwsgi-2.0.11.2.tar.gz Building wheels for collected packages: uwsgi
Running setup.py bdist_wheel for uwsgi
Stored in directory: /home/xino/.cache/pip/wheels/a7/33/50/7bb71db37249e30aabe7c1247f283bc19e299b533597c8bafd Successfully built uwsgi Installing collected packages: uwsgi Successfully installed uwsgi-2.0.11.2 `&lt;/file&gt;`
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="configurer-nginx">Configurer nginx</h3>
<p>Sous (vflask)xino@olinuxino:~/restful$</p>
<p>Supprimer le site par défaut
sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
Configuration serveur restful
nano restful_nginx.conf</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
charset utf-8;
client_max_body_size 75M;
location / { try_files $uri @yourapplication; }
location @yourapplication {
include uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass unix:/home/xino/restful/restful_uwsgi.sock;
}
}
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Lien de la configuration et relance serveur
sudo ln -s /home/xino/restful/restful_nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart</p>
<h3 id="configurer-uwsgi">Configurer uWSGI</h3>
<p>Créer un fichier de configuration /home/xino/restful/restful_uwsgi.ini:
nano /home/xino/restful/restful_uwsgi.ini
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;file&gt;</code>
[uwsgi]
#applications base folder</p>
<p>base = /home/xino/restful</p>
<p>#python module to import</p>
<p>app = app_rest
module = %(app)</p>
<p>home = %(base)/vflask
pythonpath = %(base)</p>
<p>#socket files location</p>
<p>socket = /home/xino/restful/%n.sock</p>
<p>#permissions for the socket file</p>
<p>chmod-socket = 666</p>
<p>#the variable that holds a flask application inside the module imported at line #6</p>
<p>callable = app</p>
<p>#location of log files</p>
<p>logto = /var/log/uwsgi/%n.log
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;/file&gt;</code>
Création dossier pour les fichiers log uwsgi, et changer le propriétaire :
sudo mkdir -p /var/log/uwsgi
sudo chown -R xino:xino /var/log/uwsgi
Exécuter uWSGI avec le nouveau fichier de configuration et tester par curl:
uwsgi ini /home/xino/restful/restful_uwsgi.ini
Ctrl C pour terminer</p>
<h3 id="uwsgi-emperor">uWSGI Emperor</h3>
<p>Maintenant il faut exécuter uWSGI en arrière-plan comme service , cest le rôle de uWSGI Emperor
exec /home/xino/restful/vflask/bin/uwsgi master emperor /etc/uwsgi/vassals die-on-term uid www-data gid www-data logto /var/log/uwsgi/emperor.log
Les fichiers de configuration sont dans /etc/uwsgi/vassals. Créons ce dossier et faire des liens symboliques sur le fichier de configuration que nous avons créé:
sudo mkdir -p /etc/uwsgi/vassals
sudo ln -s /home/xino/restful/restful_uwsgi.ini /etc/uwsgi/vassals
En outre, la dernière ligne indique le lutilisateur qui sera utilisé pour exécuter le démon est www-data.
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /home/xino/restful/
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/log/uwsgi/
Depuis deux, nginx et uwsgi, sont maintenant géré par le même utilisateur, nous pouvons apporter une amélioration de la sécurité à notre configuration de uwsgi. Ouvrez le fichier de config uwsgi et modifier la valeur de la commande chmod-socket 666 à 644:
sudo nano /home/xino/restful/restful_uwsgi.ini
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;file&gt;</code>
[…]
#permissions for the socket file</p>
<p>chmod-socket = 644
[…]
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;/file&gt;</code>
Démarrage de lexécutable au lancement de debian
sudo nano /etc/rc.local</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>:::bash
#!/bin/sh -e
#
# rc.local
#
# This script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel.
# Make sure that the script will "exit 0" on success or any other
# value on error.
#
# In order to enable or disable this script just change the execution
# bits.
#
# By default this script does nothing.
exec /home/xino/restful/vflask/bin/uwsgi --master --emperor /etc/uwsgi/vassals --die-on-term --uid www-data --gid www-data --logto /var/log/uwsgi/emperor.log
exit 0
</code></pre></div></div>
<h2 id="restful-client">RESTful Client</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https///github.com/jpillora/jquery.rest">jQuery REST Client</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/writing-a-javascript-rest-client">Writing a Javascript REST client</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://paddyweblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/restful-client-in-javascript.html">RESTful client in JavaScript</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.xebia.fr/2011/11/14/rest-javascript-client/">REST côté client avec JavaScript</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.lm-tech.it/Blog/post/2013/05/08/How-to-consume-a-RESTful-service-using-jQuery.aspx">How to consume a RESTful service using jQuery</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>http://jquery-plugins.net/tag/restful-api</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.dlwelch.com/?p=480">Consuming a RESTful web service with jQuery and Ajax</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.techzoo.org/java/java-web-services/consuming-restful-web-service-using-jquery-ajax-client.html">Consuming RESTful Web Service using jQuery Ajax Client</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.xebia.com/2011/09/15/master-detail-implementation-for-restful-services-with-jquery/"></a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.croes.org/gerald/blog/ecrire-un-client-rest-en-php-23/490/">Ecrire un client REST en PHP</a></p>
</li>
<li><a href="http://singletonio.blogspot.com/2009/07/simple-php-rest-client-using-curl.html">Simple PHP Rest Client using cURL </a>
<h2 id="python-micro-framework">Python Micro Framework</h2>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://flask.pocoo.org">Site officiel Flask</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://phollow.fr/2012/08/demarrer-la-creation-site-python-flask/">Démarrer la création dun site avec Python et Flask</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://idak.developpez.com/tutoriels/spring/creation-restfull-serviceweb/">Tutoriel sur la création de Web services RESTful avec Spring </a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-i-hello-world">The Flask Mega-Tutorial</a></p>
</li>
<li><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/designing-a-restful-api-with-python-and-flask">Designing a RESTful API with Python and Flask</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="version-python-1">Version python</h3>
<p>Version python installée
python version
Python 2.7.3</p>
<h3 id="virtualenv-1">virtualenv</h3>
<p>Installation pip
sudo apt-get install python-pip
Installation virtualenv
sudo pip install virtualenv</p>
<h4 id="essai-1">Essai 1</h4>
<p>Une fois que vous avez installé <strong>virtualenv</strong>, exécuter les commandes suivantes sans le préfixe sudo.</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>mkdir ~/mon_projet
cd mon_projet
virtualenv venv
</code></pre></div></div>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;file&gt;</code>
New python executable in venv/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip…done.
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;/file&gt;</code>
Maintenant, chaque fois que vous souhaitez travailler sur un projet, il suffit dactiver lenvironnement correspondant. Sur OS X et Linux, procédez comme suit:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>. venv/bin/activate
(venv)yann@vps47338:/home/yann/mon_projet$
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Vous devriez maintenant être en mesure dutiliser votre virtualenv (remarquez comment linvite de votre shell a changé pour montrer lenvironnement actif).</p>
<h4 id="essai-2">Essai 2</h4>
<p>Python possède une quantité incroyable dextensions/bibliothèques que vous pouvez installer et utiliser dans vos projets. Mais quand on travaille sur plusieurs projets à la fois (et pas forcément que sur du web), on peut arriver à des problèmes de dépendances. <em>Mon projet A nécessite truc en version 1, mon projet B truc en version 2…</em></p>
<p>Une bonne pratique consiste à créer un environnement virtuel pour nos packages, avec un outil comme virtualenv, de cette manière cet environnement sera complétement indépendant du reste du système.</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>#easy_install virtualenv fait avec pip
cd ~
virtualenv mon_projet #va créer le dossier mon_projet
cd mon_projet
source bin/activate # pour l'activer
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Le répertoire mon_projet sera crée avec tout le nécessaire. Si votre prompt change légèrement
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;file&gt;</code>(mon_projet)yann@vps47338:/home/yann/mon_projet$<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;/file&gt;</code>
cest que la manipulation a fonctionné. Virtualenv est très puissant, vous pouvez même lui passer la version de Python en paramètre.</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>virtualenv -p /usr/local/bin/python3.3 mon_projet
virtualenv -p /usr/local/bin/pypy mon_projet
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Pour désactiver un virtualenv il suffit de lancer la commande <strong>deactivate</strong> dans le terminal.</p>
<h3 id="flask-micro-framework">Flask micro-framework</h3>
<p>Flask est un micro-framework Python. Contrairement à Django qui fait beaucoup de choses tout seul (ORM, validations formulaires, back-end admin…), Flask reste simple et cest à vous de lui coder/rajouter ces composants à la main (BYOB).</p>
<p>Parmis les avantages de Flask, on retrouve :</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>*Base code minimale, environ 800 lignes.
*Très bien testé, environ 1 500 lignes.
*Très bonne documentation (plus de 200 pages).
*Possède un système de template (Jinja2).
*Pousse à coder son application sous forme de services, ce qui est une bonne chose.
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Installons Flask avec pip dans lenvironnement :
pip install Flask</p>
<h3 id="appli-minima-essai-1">Appli minima (Essai 1)</h3>
<p>Dans lenvironnement du projet <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;wrap hi&gt;</code>(venv)yann@vps47338:/home/yann/mon_projet$<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">&lt;/wrap&gt;</code>
nano hello.py</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>:::python
# coding=UTF-8
# importation du module Flask
from flask import Flask
# instancier une occurence de Flask dans la variable app
app = Flask(__name__)
#
# ce décorateur permet d'indiquer à Flask que, pour obtenir le contenu envoyé lorsque l'URL "/" est demandée
@app.route('/')
# la fonction décorée ci dessous est à utiliser
def hello():
# on définit une fonction appelée "hello" (peu importe le nom) , liée à l'URL "/"
return 'Salut le monde!'
# cette fonction retourne simplement "Salut le monde!" et c'est le retour de cette fonction qui sera renvoyé par Flask au client web
#
# Cette ligne permet de n'exécuter le contenu du "if" que si le script est directement exécuté
# S'il était importé à partir d'un autre fichier, cette condition serait fausse
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
</code></pre></div></div>
<h4 id="lancement-du-serveur">Lancement du serveur</h4>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>python hello.py
* Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Un appel renvoie “Salut le monde!”</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>curl http://127.0.0.1:5000/
Salut le monde!
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Trace de lappel sur le serveur</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>127.0.0.1 - - [25/Jul/2014 18:20:06] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
</code></pre></div></div>
<h4 id="serveur-visible-de-lextérieur">Serveur visible de lextérieur</h4>
<p>Si vous exécutez le serveur, vous remarquerez que le serveur est accessible uniquement à partir de votre propre ordinateur. Cest la valeur par défaut, car en mode de débogage un utilisateur de lapplication peut exécuter du code Python arbitraire sur votre ordinateur.</p>
<p>Si vous avez désactivé le “debugg” ou avez confiance aux utilisateurs de votre réseau, vous pouvez rendre le serveur accessible au public en changeant simplement lappel du “run” (méthode) pour ressembler à ceci:
app.run(host=0.0.0.0)
Cela indique à votre système dexploitation pour écouter sur toutes les adresses IP publiques.</p>
<h3 id="appli-minima-essai-2">Appli minima (Essai 2)</h3>
<p>Une fois installé, on va écrire notre premier script. Pour cela on va créer un dossier mon_projet/app et à la racine de ce dossier un fichier mon_projet/app/app.py, comme par exemple :</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>:::python
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route("/")
def hello():
return "Salut le monde!"
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run()
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Pour tester ce code, il suffit juste de lancer la commande suivante. Et douvrir le navigateur sur lURL qui sera affichée dans la console.</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>$ python app.py
* Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/
</code></pre></div></div>
<h2 id="flaskmicroblog">Flask/Microblog</h2>
<p>Basé sur <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-iii-web-forms">The Flask Mega-Tutorial</a> de <strong>Miguel Gringberg</strong></p>
<h3 id="requirements">Requirements</h3>
<p>If you have a computer that runs Python 2.6 or 2.7 then you are probably good to go. The tutorial application should run just fine on Windows, OS X and Linux. (If you intend to follow this tutorial on Python 3 you will need to make some small changes, I wrote this tutorial before Flask had support for Python 3).</p>
<p>The tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the terminal window (command prompt for Windows users) and know the basic command line file management functions of your operating system. If you dont, then I recommend that you learn how to create directories, copy files, etc. using the command line before continuing.</p>
<p>Finally, you should be somewhat comfortable writing Python code. Familiarity with Python modules and packages is also recommended.</p>
<h3 id="installing-flask">Installing Flask</h3>
<p>Okay, lets get started!</p>
<p>If you havent yet, go ahead and install <strong>Python 2.7</strong>.</p>
<p>Now we have to install Flask and several extensions that we will be using. My preferred way to do this is to create a virtual environment where everything gets installed, so that your main Python installation is not affected. As an added benefit, you wont need root access to do the installation in this way.</p>
<p>So, open up a terminal window, choose a location where you want your application to live and create a new folder there to contain it. Lets call the application folder <strong>microblog</strong>.</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>cd ~
mkdir microblog
cd microblog
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Next, download <a href="https///raw.github.com/pypa/virtualenv/1.9.X/virtualenv.py">virtualenv.py</a> and put it inside the new folder.</p>
<p>To create the virtual environment enter the following command:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>wget https://raw.github.com/pypa/virtualenv/1.9.X/virtualenv.py
python virtualenv.py flask
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>The above command creates a complete Python environment inside the flask folder.</p>
<p>Virtual environments can be activated and deactivated, if desired. An activated environment adds the location of its bin folder to the system path, so that for example, when you type python you get the environments version and not the systems one. I personally do not like this feature, so I never activate any of my environments and instead just invoke the interpreter I want by typing its pathname.</p>
<p>If you are on Linux, OS X or Cygwin, install flask and extensions by entering the following commands, one after another:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>flask/bin/pip install flask==0.9
flask/bin/pip install flask-login
flask/bin/pip install flask-openid
flask/bin/pip install flask-mail==0.7.6
flask/bin/pip install sqlalchemy==0.7.9
flask/bin/pip install flask-sqlalchemy==0.16
flask/bin/pip install sqlalchemy-migrate==0.7.2
flask/bin/pip install flask-whooshalchemy==0.55a
flask/bin/pip install flask-wtf==0.8.4
flask/bin/pip install pytz==2013b
flask/bin/pip install flask-babel==0.8
flask/bin/pip install flup
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>These commands will download and install all the packages that we will use for our application.</p>
<p>Note that we are going to use <strong>Flask 0.9</strong>, which is not the latest version. Flask 0.10 hasnt been out for long and some extensions havent been updated to work well with it. Also there are some incompatibilities between packages and the latest version of pip that are sorted out by giving specific versions to install.</p>
<p>If the installation of all the packages was successful you can delete <strong>virtualenv.py</strong>, since we wont need it anymore.</p>
<h3 id="hello-world-in-flask">“Hello, World” in Flask</h3>
<p>You now have a flask sub-folder inside your microblog folder that is populated with a Python interpreter and the Flask framework and extensions that we will use for this application. Now its time to write our first web application!</p>
<p>After you cd to the microblog folder, lets create the basic folder structure for our app:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>mkdir app
mkdir app/static
mkdir app/templates
mkdir tmp
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>The app folder will be where we will put our application package. The static sub-folder is where we will store static files like images, javascripts, and style sheets. The templates sub-folder is obviously where our templates will go.</p>
<p>Lets start by creating a simple init script for our app package (file <strong>app/__init__.py</strong>):</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
from app import views
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>The script above simply creates the application object (of class Flask) and then imports the views module, which we havent written yet.</p>
<p>The views are the handlers that respond to requests from web browsers. In Flask views are written as Python functions. Each view function is mapped to one or more request URLs.</p>
<p>Lets write our first view function (file <strong>app/views.py</strong>):</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>from app import app
@app.route('/')
@app.route('/index')
def index():
return "Hello, World!"
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>This view is actually pretty simple, it just returns a string, to be displayed on the clients web browser. The two route decorators above the function create the mappings from urls / and /index to this function.</p>
<p>The final step to have a fully working web app is to create a script that starts up the development web server with our application. Lets call this script <strong>run.py</strong>, and put it in the root folder:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>#!flask/bin/python
from app import app
app.run(debug = True)
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>The script simply imports the app variable from our app package and invokes its run method to start the server. Remember that the app variable holds the Flask instance, we created it above.</p>
<p>To start the app you just run this script. On OS X, Linux and Cygwin you have to indicate that this is an executable file before you can run it:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>chmod a+x run.py
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Then the script can simply be executed as follows:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>./run.py
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>After the server initializes it will listen on port 5000 waiting for connections. Now open up your web browser and enter the following URL in the address field: <a href="http://localhost:5000">http://localhost:5000</a></p>
<p>Alternatively you can use the following URL:<a href="http://localhost:5000/index">http://localhost:5000/index</a></p>
<p>Do you see the route mappings in action? The first URL maps to /, while the second maps to /index. Both routes are associated to our view function, so they produce the same result. If you enter any other route you will get an error, since only these two have been mapped to a view function.</p>
<p>When you are done playing with the server you can just hit <strong>Ctrl-C</strong> to stop it.</p>
<p>And with this I conclude this first installment of this tutorial.</p>
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_options.scrollTarget && (scrollTarget = _options.scrollTarget);
_options.scroll && (scroll = _options.scroll);
_options.disabled !== undefined && (disabled = _options.disabled);
$scrollTarget = $(scrollTarget);
isOverallScroller = window.isOverallScroller($scrollTarget[0]);
$scroll = $(scroll);
}
function preCalc() {
top();
rootHeight = $root.outerHeight();
rootTop = $root.offset().top + (isOverallScroller ? 0 : $scrollTarget.scrollTop());
rootLeft = $root.offset().left;
}
function calc(needPreCalc) {
needPreCalc && preCalc();
scrollBottom = $scroll.outerHeight() - offsetBottom - rootHeight;
rootBottomTop = scrollBottom - rootTop;
}
function top() {
if (curState !== 'top') {
$root.removeClass('fixed').css({
left: 0,
top: 0
});
curState = 'top';
}
}
function fixed() {
if (curState !== 'fixed') {
$root.addClass('fixed').css({
left: rootLeft + 'px',
top: 0
});
curState = 'fixed';
}
}
function bottom() {
if (curState !== 'bottom') {
$root.removeClass('fixed').css({
left: 0,
top: rootBottomTop + 'px'
});
curState = 'bottom';
}
}
function setState() {
var scrollTop = $scrollTarget.scrollTop();
if (scrollTop >= rootTop && scrollTop <= scrollBottom) {
fixed();
} else if (scrollTop < rootTop) {
top();
} else {
bottom();
}
}
function init() {
if(!hasInit) {
var interval, timeout;
calc(true); setState();
// run calc every 100 millisecond
interval = setInterval(function() {
calc();
}, 100);
timeout = setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
}, 45000);
window.pageLoad.then(function() {
setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
clearTimeout(timeout);
}, 3000);
});
$scrollTarget.on('scroll', function() {
disabled || setState();
});
$window.on('resize', function() {
disabled || (calc(true), setState());
});
hasInit = true;
}
}
setOptions(options);
if (!disabled) {
init();
}
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
init();
}, 200));
return {
setOptions: setOptions,
refresh: function() {
calc(true, { animation: false }); setState();
}
};
}
$.fn.affix = affix;
});
})();
(function() {
var SOURCES = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.sources;
window.Lazyload.js(SOURCES.jquery, function() {
function toc(options) {
var $root = this, $window = $(window), $scrollTarget, $scroller, $tocUl = $('<ul class="toc toc--ellipsis"></ul>'), $tocLi, $headings, $activeLast, $activeCur,
selectors = 'h1,h2,h3', container = 'body', scrollTarget = window, scroller = 'html, body', disabled = false,
headingsPos, scrolling = false, hasRendered = false, hasInit = false;
function setOptions(options) {
var _options = options || {};
_options.selectors && (selectors = _options.selectors);
_options.container && (container = _options.container);
_options.scrollTarget && (scrollTarget = _options.scrollTarget);
_options.scroller && (scroller = _options.scroller);
_options.disabled !== undefined && (disabled = _options.disabled);
$headings = $(container).find(selectors).filter('[id]');
$scrollTarget = $(scrollTarget);
$scroller = $(scroller);
}
function calc() {
headingsPos = [];
$headings.each(function() {
headingsPos.push(Math.floor($(this).position().top));
});
}
function setState(element, disabled) {
var scrollTop = $scrollTarget.scrollTop(), i;
if (disabled || !headingsPos || headingsPos.length < 1) { return; }
if (element) {
$activeCur = element;
} else {
for (i = 0; i < headingsPos.length; i++) {
if (scrollTop >= headingsPos[i]) {
$activeCur = $tocLi.eq(i);
} else {
$activeCur || ($activeCur = $tocLi.eq(i));
break;
}
}
}
$activeLast && $activeLast.removeClass('active');
($activeLast = $activeCur).addClass('active');
}
function render() {
if(!hasRendered) {
$root.append($tocUl);
$headings.each(function() {
var $this = $(this);
$tocUl.append($('<li></li>').addClass('toc-' + $this.prop('tagName').toLowerCase())
.append($('<a></a>').text($this.text()).attr('href', '#' + $this.prop('id'))));
});
$tocLi = $tocUl.children('li');
$tocUl.on('click', 'a', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
var $this = $(this);
scrolling = true;
setState($this.parent());
$scroller.scrollToAnchor($this.attr('href'), 400, function() {
scrolling = false;
});
});
}
hasRendered = true;
}
function init() {
var interval, timeout;
if(!hasInit) {
render(); calc(); setState(null, scrolling);
// run calc every 100 millisecond
interval = setInterval(function() {
calc();
}, 100);
timeout = setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
}, 45000);
window.pageLoad.then(function() {
setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
clearTimeout(timeout);
}, 3000);
});
$scrollTarget.on('scroll', function() {
disabled || setState(null, scrolling);
});
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
if (!disabled) {
render(); calc(); setState(null, scrolling);
}
}, 100));
}
hasInit = true;
}
setOptions(options);
if (!disabled) {
init();
}
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
init();
}, 200));
return {
setOptions: setOptions
};
}
$.fn.toc = toc;
});
})();
/*(function () {
})();*/
</script><script>
/* toc must before affix, since affix need to konw toc' height. */(function() {
var SOURCES = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.sources;
var TOC_SELECTOR = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.site.toc.selectors;
window.Lazyload.js(SOURCES.jquery, function() {
var $window = $(window);
var $articleContent = $('.js-article-content');
var $tocRoot = $('.js-toc-root'), $col2 = $('.js-col-aside');
var toc;
var tocDisabled = false;
var hasSidebar = $('.js-page-root').hasClass('layout--page--sidebar');
var hasToc = $articleContent.find(TOC_SELECTOR).length > 0;
function disabled() {
return $col2.css('display') === 'none' || !hasToc;
}
tocDisabled = disabled();
toc = $tocRoot.toc({
selectors: TOC_SELECTOR,
container: $articleContent,
scrollTarget: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
scroller: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
disabled: tocDisabled
});
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
tocDisabled = disabled();
toc && toc.setOptions({
disabled: tocDisabled
});
}, 100));
});
})();
(function() {
var SOURCES = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.sources;
window.Lazyload.js(SOURCES.jquery, function() {
var $window = $(window), $pageFooter = $('.js-page-footer');
var $pageAside = $('.js-page-aside');
var affix;
var tocDisabled = false;
var hasSidebar = $('.js-page-root').hasClass('layout--page--sidebar');
affix = $pageAside.affix({
offsetBottom: $pageFooter.outerHeight(),
scrollTarget: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
scroller: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
scroll: hasSidebar ? $('.js-page-main').children() : null,
disabled: tocDisabled
});
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
affix && affix.setOptions({
disabled: tocDisabled
});
}, 100));
window.pageAsideAffix = affix;
});
})();
</script><!---->
</div>
<script>(function () {
var $root = document.getElementsByClassName('root')[0];
if (window.hasEvent('touchstart')) {
$root.dataset.isTouch = true;
document.addEventListener('touchstart', function(){}, false);
}
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>