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<article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"><div class="article__header"><header><h1 style="color:Tomato;">creer-une-application-web-avec-jupyter-ipywidgets-et-voila-7b03d5dd-ab10-47cb-a2bd-bd99fa9e2457</h1></header></div><meta itemprop="headline" content="creer-une-application-web-avec-jupyter-ipywidgets-et-voila-7b03d5dd-ab10-47cb-a2bd-bd99fa9e2457"><div class="article__info clearfix"><ul class="left-col menu"><li>
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<i class="far fa-calendar-alt"></i>&nbsp;<span title="Création" style="color:#FF00FF">25&nbsp;déc.&nbsp;&nbsp;2019</span>
<span title="Modification" style="color:#00FF7F">&nbsp;5&nbsp;oct.&nbsp;&nbsp;2019</span></li></ul></div><meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2019-10-05T00:00:00+02:00">
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<summary><b>Afficher/cacher Sommaire</b></summary>
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</details><p>URL: https://linuxfr.org/news/creer-une-application-web-avec-jupyter-ipywidgets-et-voila-7b03d5dd-ab10-47cb-a2bd-bd99fa9e2457
Title: Créer une application web avec Jupyter, ipywidgets et voilà
Authors: aboulle
ZeroHeure, Ysabeau et Arkem
Date: 2019-10-04T11:23:14+02:00
License: CC by-sa
Tags: jupyter et ipywidgets
Score: 16</p>
<p>Vous connaissez sans doute <a href="https://jupyter.org/">Jupyter</a>, cet outil de développement tournant dans un navigateur qui est particulièrement en vogue chez les scientifiques et plus généralement dans les domaines liés au traitement des données. Aujourdʼhui je vais te parler dune possibilité offerte par Jupyter quil ne me semble pas, sauf erreur de ma part, avoir vu évoquée ici, à savoir le développement dʼapplications web.</p>
<hr />
<p><a href="https://linuxfr.org/users/aboulle/journaux/creer-une-application-web-avec-jupyter-ipywidgets-et-voila">Journal à lorigine de la dépêche</a>
<a href="https://jupyter.org/">Site de Jupyter</a>
<a href="https://github.com/aboulle/Divers">Code des exemples de larticle</a></p>
<hr />
<h1 id="à-propos-de-jupyter">À propos de Jupyter</h1>
<p>À titre personnel, et peut-être comme beaucoup des plus anciens (disons 40 ans et plus), jai longtemps été très réticent à ce « machin à la mode » ne voyant pas bien ce quil pouvait apporter à mon flux de travail habituel basé sur un éditeur de texte et une console, et aussi ne lui trouvais-je que des inconvénients :</p>
<ul>
<li>lancer <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">jupyter-notebook</code> dans une console, basculer sur le navigateur, parcourir larborescence, juste pour pouvoir visualiser un fichier ipynb me semble très peu ergonomique. Nous sommes en 2019 et ce truc ne gère pas le double clic. Il y a des solutions pour contourner ce problème, par exemple <a href="https://nteract.io/desktop">nteract</a> est une application de bureau basée sur electron qui permet de se passer du navigateur;</li>
<li>le fait que les cellules de code puissent être exécutées dans nimporte quel ordre peut amener à des confusions à la lecture des notebooks;</li>
<li>le format ipynb (qui est en fait du json contenant plus dinformations que le simple code) est nativement peu compatible avec git: par exemple le simple fait dexécuter une cellule modifie la numérotation de celle-ci et git détecte une modification, là encore, <a href="https://nextjournal.com/schmudde/how-to-version-control-jupyter">il y a des solutions pour contourner ça</a>, mais tout de même;</li>
<li>tout cela a été <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jiPeIFXb6U">mieux présenté par dautres que moi</a> (<a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1n2RlMdmv1p25Xy5thJUhkKGvjtV-dkAIsUXP-AL4ffI/edit#slide=id.g362da58057_0_1">diapos</a> de la présentation filmée).</li>
</ul>
<p>Eh bien, javais tort.</p>
<p>En effet, Jupyter ne vise pas à remplacer notre bonne vieille console, et encore moins notre éditeur de texte favori, mais se place entre les deux. Je paraphraserai <a href="https://linuxfr.org/news/python-pour-les-sciences-une-presentation">la dépêche Python pour les sciences</a> en disant que Jupyter est <em>une console sous stéroïdes</em>. En effet, Jupyter permet dexécuter des blocs de code sans avoir à écrire / sauvegarder / exécuter un script en bonne et due forme et, à linstar de la console <a href="https://ipython.org/">iPython</a> dont <a href="https://linuxfr.org/news/sortie-de-ipython-jupyter-notebook-4-1">Jupyter dérive directement</a>, tous les objets sont sauvegardés dans un noyau pour pouvoir être réutilisés ailleurs dans le programme sans avoir à tout ré-exécuter. Ceci en fait un excellent outil dexpérimentation et de prototypage de programmes.</p>
<p>Par ailleurs, le fait que les notebooks Jupyter contiennent non seulement le code, mais aussi les graphiques et figures produits, et quil soit possible dy adjoindre du texte enrichi (Markdown, HTML, LaTeX…) les rendent particulièrement intéressants pour lenseignement et le partage des connaissances (et non pas le partage du code, car comme dit précédemment et <a href="https://linuxfr.org/nodes/115554/comments/1763182">comme le font remarquer certains à juste titre</a>, le code est fortement obscurci par le format ipynb).</p>
<p>Il est intéressant de noter que Jupyter est régulièrement évoqué au sein du mouvement <em>open science</em>, mouvement qui vise à faciliter la diffusion au sein de la communauté scientifique et auprès du grand public, non seulement des résultats et connaissances scientifiques, mais aussi des données brutes et des protocoles danalyses et de traitements de ces données. Voir par exemple ces quelques liens: <a href="https://reproducible-analysis-workshop.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html">[1]</a> <a href="https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1804/1804.05492.pdf">[2]</a> <a href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/jupyter-future-open-science">[3]</a>.</p>
<p>Bien évidemment ces notebooks Jupyter sont exportables dans différents types de formats (HTML, PDF, etc.) et peuvent également être aisément mis en ligne. <a href="https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/">Nbviewer</a> permet, par exemple, de partager des notebooks simplement en passant une URL ou ladresse dun dépôt git.</p>
<p>Pour modérer cet enthousiasme débordant il est, premièrement, bon de rappeler que toutes ces visualisations (y compris sur nbviewer) sont strictement statiques. Il nest pas possible dinteragir avec celles-ci et donc de ré-exécuter tout ou partie du notebook. Deuxièmement, cest bien joli de partager des notebooks, mais quid des lecteurs qui ne maîtrisent pas bien, voire pas du tout, le langage dans lequel lesdits notebooks ont été développés? Ce sont ces points que je me propose daborder ici.</p>
<p><em>PS1 : toutes les bibliothèques présentées ci-dessous sont installables via</em> <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">pip</code> <em>ou</em> <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">conda-forge</code>.
<em>PS2 : Les petits extraits de code donnés ci-dessous sont disponibles sur <a href="https://github.com/aboulle/Divers">mon github</a>.</em></p>
<h1 id="ajouter-des-composants-graphiques-avec-ipywidgets">Ajouter des composants graphiques avec ipywidgets</h1>
<p><a href="https://github.com/jupyter-widgets/ipywidgets">Ipywidgets</a> désigne un ensemble de composants graphiques pour le langage python (slider, combo box, boutons, etc.) destinés à rendre les notebooks plus interactifs. En gros il sagit dune architecture permettant de lier un objet python (le widget), tournant dans le noyau, à sa représentation JavaScript/HTML/CSS tournant dans le navigateur. Par exemple, afficher un slider qui permet de modifier la variable dentrée dune fonction et den afficher le résultat sécrit simplement :</p>
<div class="language-python highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="n">ipywidgets</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">interact</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ipywidgets</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">widgets</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="nf">interact</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">10.</span><span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>La fonction <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">interact</code> est, en fait, un raccourci vers un ensemble de widgets graphiques avec des choix faits par défaut selon le type dobjet (int, float, bool, list, etc.) passé à la fonction f. Il est possible davoir un contrôle beaucoup plus fin en paramétrant le widget à la main. Le code ci-dessous donne strictement le même résultat :</p>
<div class="language-python highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c1"># définit lobjet slider
</span><span class="n">mon_slider</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">widgets</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">FloatSlider</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nb">min</span><span class="o">=-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nb">max</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">step</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">description</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">x</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">disabled</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">continuous_update</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">orientation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">horizontal</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">readout</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">True</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># créé une zone de texte pour laffichage du résultat
</span><span class="n">resultat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">widgets</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">Output</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># définit laction à effectuer lorsque le slider est modifié
</span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">maj_resultat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">change</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">resultat</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">resultat</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">clear_output</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nf">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">change</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">new</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">]))</span>
<span class="c1"># observe le slider
</span><span class="n">mon_slider</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">observe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">maj_resultat</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">names</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">value</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># affiche les widgets
</span><span class="nf">display</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mon_slider</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">resultat</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Cest, évidemment, beaucoup plus lourd, mais il me semble que cet exemple illustre bien la richesse des potentialités offertes par ipywidgets. <a href="https://ipywidgets.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html">La documentation de ipywidgets</a> est tout simplement excellente, et il est possible de maîtriser cette bibliothèque assez rapidement.</p>
<p>Ipywidgets nest pas seulement une bibliothèque dobjets graphiques. Il sagit véritablement dun cadre de développement sur lequel les développeurs peuvent sappuyer pour écrire leurs propres bibliothèques de widgets. En voici quelques-unes :</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/mariobuikhuizen/ipyvuetify">ipyvuetify</a>, pour celles et ceux qui trouveraient les widgets de base dipywidget trop austères, cette bibliothèque apporte à Jupyter les widgets <a href="https://vuetifyjs.com">vuetify</a> qui implémentent des composants graphiques obéissants aux spécifications de <em>material design</em> ;</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/bloomberg/bqplot">bqplot</a>, un « doit-avoir » absolu pour quiconque sintéresse à la visualisation en 2D de données. Je donnerai un exemple dimplémentation ci-dessous, mais, en bref, dans bqplot chaque élément dun graphique (axes, légende, données, graduations, etc.) est en fait un widget avec lequel il est possible dinteragir et de modifier les propriétés programmatiquement ;</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/maartenbreddels/ipyvolume">ipyvolume</a>, même chose mais pour la visualisation de données en 3D, en sappuyant sur WebGL ;</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/jupyter-widgets/ipyleaflet">ipyleaflet</a>, affichage et manipulation de cartes et données géographiques ;</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/maartenbreddels/ipywebrtc">ipywebrtc</a>, permet de diffuser et manipuler du contenu audio ou vidéo depuis à peu près nimporte quelle source (fichier, webcam, etc.).</li>
</ul>
<p>Afin dillustrer la compatibilité entre ipywidgets et dautres bibliothèques (ici bqplot) le code ci-dessous permet deffectuer les actions suivantes :</p>
<ol>
<li>sélectionner une fonction à tracer via un menu déroulant ;</li>
<li>la figure est mise à jour en fonction du choix (ipywidgets -&gt; bqplot) ;</li>
<li>il est possible de déplacer des points dans la figure ;</li>
<li>les coordonnées des points sont affichées dans un champ texte (bqplot -&gt; ipywidgets).</li>
</ol>
<div class="language-python highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="n">ipywidgets</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">interact</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fixed</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ipywidgets</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">widgets</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="n">bqplot</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">plt</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">np</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="n">numpy.random</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">rand</span>
<span class="c1"># génère des abscisses
</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">0.1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># créé une figure y = f(x)
</span><span class="n">ma_figure</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="p">.</span> <span class="nf">figure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">animation_duration</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">mon_tracé</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">scatter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">enable_move</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">xlabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">Axe des x</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># initialise une zone daffichage de texte
</span><span class="n">resultat2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">widgets</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">Output</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># choix de la fonction à tracer -&gt; créé automatiquement un menu déroulant
# modifie le tracé en fonction de la valeur du widget
# il est possible dutiliser interact via un décorateur
# il est possible de fixer les variables ne devant pas faire lobjet dun widget
</span><span class="nd">@interact</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fonction</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">parabole</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">sinus</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">hasard</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nf">fixed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">choix_fonction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fonction</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">fonction</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">parabole</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mon_tracé</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">hold_sync</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">mon_tracé</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span>
<span class="n">mon_tracé</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">x au carré</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">fonction</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">sinus</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mon_tracé</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">hold_sync</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">mon_tracé</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span>
<span class="n">mon_tracé</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">sin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">sin(x)</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">fonction</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">hasard</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mon_tracé</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">hold_sync</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">mon_tracé</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span>
<span class="n">mon_tracé</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">rand</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">Nombres aléatoires</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># fonction qui lit et affiche les coordonnées dun point déplacé
</span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">affiche</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">resultat2</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">resultat2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">clear_output</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nf">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">Le point n° %i a été déplacé en x = %f y = %f</span><span class="sh">'</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">index</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">point</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">x</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">],</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">point</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="s">y</span><span class="sh">'</span><span class="p">]))</span>
<span class="c1"># détecte le déplacement dun point
</span><span class="n">mon_tracé</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">on_drag_end</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">affiche</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># créé la gui
# il est possible de mixer des widgets créés via interact avec dautre définis « à la main »
</span><span class="n">widgets</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nc">VBox</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">ma_figure</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">resultat2</span><span class="p">])</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Toutes ces bibliothèques sont relativement jeunes et il peut arriver que la documentation ne soit pas exhaustive (cest, par exemple, le cas pour bqplot). Dans ce cas, il peut être très intéressant de cloner ou télécharger le dépôt Github et daller fouiller dans le répertoire <em>examples</em>. Dans le cas de bqplot, cest une véritable mine dor.</p>
<h1 id="masquer-le-code-avec-appmode-ou-voilà">Masquer le code avec Appmode ou Voilà</h1>
<p>Maintenant que nous savons comment créer une petite interface graphique, pourquoi ne pas cacher tout ce code afin de ne pas effrayer les débutants ? <a href="https://github.com/oschuett/appmode">Appmode</a> est une extension pour Jupyter qui permet très exactement de faire cela : lextension ajoute un bouton <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Appmode</code> à linterface de Jupyter qui permet de créer une nouvelle instance du notebook, celui-ci est alors entièrement exécuté et seules les widgets sont affichées.</p>
<p>Si elle est très efficace, cette extension peut être problématique si le notebook est destiné à être hébergé sur un serveur Jupyter ouvert fournit pas votre entreprise / université / école… En effet le notebook reste entièrement accessible et rien ninterdit lexécution de code arbitraire. Cest ce problème que solutionne <a href="https://github.com/voila-dashboards/voila">voilà</a>. Ce projet est très jeune puisquil na été annoncé que cet été dans <a href="https://blog.jupyter.org/and-voil%C3%A0-f6a2c08a4a93">ce très instructif billet de blog</a> mais il savère déjà particulièrement efficace. En bref, lorsque lURL du notebook est appelée, celui-ci sexécute intégralement et les cellules de résultats (incluant les widgets) sont converties en une page HTML + JavaScript qui est ensuite présentée à lutilisateur. En principe, il (ou elle) ne peut plus exécuter de code arbitraire. Pour celles et ceux à qui ça parle (dont je ne fais pas partie), ça repose, entre autres, sur <a href="https://www.tornadoweb.org/">tornado</a>.</p>
<p>La <a href="https://voila-gallery.org/services/gallery/">galerie</a> de <em>voilà</em> regorge dexemples, comme <a href="https://voila-gallery.org/user/voila-gallery-gaussian-density-nzh9rp3d/voila/render/index.ipynb?token=zu-axkwTRI2Fr-QOaNHPGw">celui-ci où on peut jouer avec une fonction gaussienne</a>. En voyant cet exemple il est utile de rappeler que tout ceci nest rien dautre quun notebook Jupyter.</p>
<h1 id="héberger-lapplication-web">Héberger lapplication web</h1>
<p>Dernière étape pour finaliser notre application web: la mise en ligne. Comme je lévoquais plus haut, <em>nbviewer</em> est exclu puisque celui-ci ne permet pas dinteragir avec les notebooks. Si vous avez la chance davoir votre propre serveur Jupyter distant (ou davoir des administrateurs et des administratrices compétents et sympas), cest immédiat. Il vous suffit dactiver lextension <em>voilà</em> : <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">jupyter serverextension enable voila --sys-prefix</code> puis de préfixer lURL du notebook avec « voila » :
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">http://URL_DU_SERVEUR/NOM_DU_NOTEBOOK.ipynb</code>
devient
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">http://URL_DU_SERVEUR/voila/NOM_DU_NOTEBOOK.ipynb</code></p>
<p>Notez quil est possible de visualiser le rendu du notebook en local, entrez <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">voila notebook.ipynb</code> dans votre terminal et le rendu sera visible sur <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">localhost:8866</code>.</p>
<p>Si vous navez pas de serveur Jupyter ouvert sur le web, tout nest pas perdu. <a href="https://mybinder.org/">Mybinder</a> permet de venir se brancher sur un dépôt git, puis, à laide dun fichier <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">requirements.txt</code> ou <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">environment.yml</code> listant les dépendances requises, Mybinder va construire une image Docker du dépôt et votre notebook sera servi via un <a href="https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">JupyterHub</a>. Le contenu du fichier <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">environment.yml</code> pour les exemples précédents est :</p>
<div class="language-yaml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="na">channels</span><span class="pi">:</span>
<span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">conda-forge</span>
<span class="na">dependencies</span><span class="pi">:</span>
<span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">numpy</span>
<span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">ipywidgets</span>
<span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">bqplot</span>
<span class="pi">-</span> <span class="s">voila</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Finalement le notebook est accessible par un lien de la forme : <a href="https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/aboulle/Divers/master?filepath=%2Fipywidgets_linuxfr.ipynb"><img src="https://mybinder.org/badge_logo.svg" alt="Binder" /></a>
Deux remarques utiles à ce stade :</p>
<ol>
<li>la création de limage Docker peut prendre plusieurs minutes ;</li>
<li>concernant <em>voilà</em>, il existe apparemment un moyen datterrir directement sur le rendu HTML du notebook et non le notebook lui-même en préfixant le nom du notebook avec <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">/voila/render/</code>, mais pour moi cela ne semble pas fonctionner avant la première création de limage. Il faut donc cliquer sur le bouton voilà dans le notebook pour cacher le code source.</li>
</ol>
<p><a href="https://www.heroku.com/">Heroku</a> est une solution alternative à mybinder. La procédure de déploiement est cependant moins aisée (mais les tutoriels sont très bons), et <a href="https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/python-pip#scientific-python-users">les dépendances considérées comme «obscures» par heroku</a> ne sont pas gérées: par exemple SciPy nest pas géré, ce qui est handicapant pour des applications techniques ou scientifiques.</p>
<h1 id="mot-de-la-fin">Mot de la fin</h1>
<p>Pour conclure, et pour illustrer le fait quil est possible de créer des applications relativement élaborées, je partage ici un lien vers une application scientifique que jai récemment développée et quun collègue de notre département TIC a œuvré à <a href="https://radmax.unilim.fr">mettre en ligne</a> (un grand merci à lui !).</p>
<p>En bref il sagit, dans le graphique de droite, de faire coller la courbe calculée (en rouge) sur des mesures de <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristallographie_aux_rayons_X">diffraction des rayons X</a> expérimentales. Les graphes de gauche sont manipulables et le rendu des calculs est donné en temps réel dans le graphe de droite. Pour le contexte, lobjectif final est de déterminer les dommages que subissent des matériaux soumis à des radiations. Ces dommages sont quantifiés par lévolution en profondeur du taux de déformation et de désordre atomique (graphes de gauche). Le calcul est paramétré par les différents widgets. Cest encore expérimental, la stabilité nest donc pas garantie ; de plus, il est possible que lURL change dans les jours à venir.</p>
<p>Si ça vous intéresse, <a href="https://github.com/aboulle/RaDMaX-webapp">voici les sources</a>.</p>
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