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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no"><title>Créer un service "Systemd Utilisateur" - YannStatic</title>
<meta name="description" content="En plus de l’instance à l’échelle du système, systemd fournit des instances spécifiques à l’utilisateur qui permettent aux utilisateurs d’exécuter des servic...">
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<article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"><div class="article__header"><header><h1 style="color:Tomato;">Créer un service "Systemd Utilisateur"</h1></header></div><meta itemprop="headline" content="Créer un service "Systemd Utilisateur""><div class="article__info clearfix"><ul class="left-col menu"><li>
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<i class="far fa-calendar-alt"></i>&nbsp;<span title="Création" style="color:#FF00FF">29&nbsp;mars&nbsp;&nbsp;2020</span>
<span title="Modification" style="color:#00FF7F">21&nbsp;janv.&nbsp;2023</span></li></ul></div><meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2023-01-21T00:00:00+01:00">
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<div class="article__content" itemprop="articleBody"><p><em>En plus de l’instance à l’échelle du système, systemd fournit des instances spécifiques à l’utilisateur qui permettent aux utilisateurs d’exécuter des services ou des applications en tant qu’eux-mêmes. Systemd prend en charge différents types d’unités, l’unité de service étant la plus courante, représentant un service ou un démon. Systemd est livré avec une variété de nouvelles approches, qui ciblent en particulier l’observabilité et le suivi du processus démarré. Les sorties de journal peuvent être envoyées à STDOUT/STDERR, qui seront récupérées par systemd et transmises au “journal”.</em></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#systemd-utilisateur">Systemd Utilisateur</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#statut-de-lutilisateur-systemd">Statut de l’utilisateur Systemd</a></li>
<li><a href="#statut-dun-service-spécifique">Statut d’un service spécifique</a></li>
<li><a href="#afficher-le-journal-dun-service">Afficher le journal d’un service</a></li>
<li><a href="#activer-un-service">Activer un service</a></li>
<li><a href="#désactiver-un-service">Désactiver un service</a></li>
<li><a href="#fichiers-unit">Fichiers Unit</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#simple-service">Simple Service</a></li>
<li><a href="#forking-service">Forking Service</a></li>
<li><a href="#template-service">Template Service</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#extraits-de-configuration-avancés">Extraits de configuration avancés</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#tâches-avant-et-après-le-démarrage">Tâches avant et après le démarrage</a></li>
<li><a href="#recharger">Recharger</a></li>
<li><a href="#redémarrage">Redémarrage</a></li>
<li><a href="#variables-denvironnement">Variables d’environnement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#services-utilisateurs-au-démarrage">Services utilisateurs au démarrage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#exemple---lancer-virtualbox-dans-tmux-en-ligne-de-commande">Exemple - Lancer VirtualBox dans tmux en ligne de commande</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#une-instance-utilisateur-de-systemd">une instance “utilisateur” de systemd</a></li>
<li><a href="#créer-une-unit-utilisateur-pour-le-service">Créer une “unit” utilisateur pour le service</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="systemd-utilisateur">Systemd Utilisateur</h2>
<h3 id="statut-de-lutilisateur-systemd">Statut de l’utilisateur Systemd</h3>
<p>La commande <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">systemctl --user status</code> affiche tous les processus gérés par systemd pour l’utilisateur actuel.
L’exemple suivant montre l’instance utilisateur systemd (init.scope) et un serveur memcached (mymemcached.service).</p>
<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> systemctl <span class="nt">--user</span> status
● nine01-test
State: running
Jobs: 0 queued
Failed: 0 units
Since: Fri 2021-09-17 17:12:02 CEST<span class="p">;</span> 4 months 10 days ago
CGroup: /user.slice/user-33.slice/user@33.service
├─init.scope
│ ├─1634 /lib/systemd/systemd <span class="nt">--user</span>
│ └─1647 <span class="o">(</span>sd-pam<span class="o">)</span>
└─mymemcached.service
└─106393 /usr/bin/memcached <span class="nt">-A</span> <span class="nt">-m</span> 32 <span class="nt">-p</span> 11212 <span class="nt">-u</span> www-data <span class="nt">-l</span> 127.0.0.1 <span class="nt">-P</span> /home/www-data/memcached.pid
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Si vous souhaitez utiliser la commande <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">systemctl</code> dans votre crontab ou dans des scripts, vous devrez définir la variable d’environnement <strong>XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</strong> :</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/$UID
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="statut-dun-service-spécifique">Statut d’un service spécifique</h3>
<p>Vous pouvez obtenir plus d’informations sur l’état d’exécution d’un service particulier en ajoutant le nom du service à la commande status. L’état de l’unité, une liste des traitements et les dernières lignes du journal sont affichés :</p>
<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> systemctl <span class="nt">--user</span> status mymemcached.service
● mymemcached.service - Custom memcached on port 11212
Loaded: loaded <span class="o">(</span>/home/www-data/.config/systemd/user/mymemcached.service<span class="p">;</span> enabled<span class="p">;</span> vendor preset: enabled<span class="o">)</span>
Active: active <span class="o">(</span>running<span class="o">)</span> since Wed 2022-01-26 13:27:43 CET<span class="p">;</span> 24h ago
Docs: https://support.nine.ch/a/Ws7sDLPoiTo
Main PID: 106393 <span class="o">(</span>memcached<span class="o">)</span>
CGroup: /user.slice/user-33.slice/user@33.service/mymemcached.service
└─106393 /usr/bin/memcached <span class="nt">-A</span> <span class="nt">-m</span> 32 <span class="nt">-p</span> 11212 <span class="nt">-u</span> www-data <span class="nt">-l</span> 127.0.0.1 <span class="nt">-P</span> /home/www-data/memcached.pid
Jan 26 13:27:43 nine01-test systemd[1634]: Started Custom memcached on port 11212.
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="afficher-le-journal-dun-service">Afficher le journal d’un service</h3>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">journalctl</code> est utilisé pour afficher les journaux du journal. Le journal peut être filtré pour un service spécifique à l’aide du paramètre <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">--user-unit</code> :</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>journalctl --user-unit=mymemcached.service
Jan 26 13:27:43 nine01-test systemd[1634]: Started Custom memcached on port 11212.
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="activer-un-service">Activer un service</h3>
<p>Pour s’assurer qu’un service est démarré lors du démarrage du système, il doit être ajouté au fichier <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">default.target</code>. Notez que <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">multi-user.target</code> car il n’est pas disponible dans l’instance utilisateur de systemd.</p>
<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> systemctl <span class="nt">--user</span> <span class="nb">enable </span>mymemcached.service
Created symlink from /home/www-data/.config/systemd/user/default.target.wants/mymemcached.service to /home/www-data/.config/systemd/user/mymemcached.service.
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>La commande systemctl –user is-enabledpeut être utilisée pour vérifier si un service a déjà été activé.</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> systemctl --user is-enabled mymemcached.service
enabled
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="désactiver-un-service">Désactiver un service</h3>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> systemctl --user disable mymemcached.service
Removed symlink /home/www-data/.config/systemd/user/default.target.wants/mymemcached.service.
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="fichiers-unit">Fichiers Unit</h3>
<p>Les fichiers Unit de l’instance utilisateur systemd sont stockés dans le répertoire <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">~/.config/systemd/user</code>. Le nom du fichier définit le nom et le type de l’unité.<br />
Par exemple, le fichier <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">~/.config/systemd/user/mymemcached.service</code> définit une unité de service nommée “mymemcached”.</p>
<p>La description de l’unité se compose de trois parties.</p>
<p>La section Unité contient des métadonnées sur l’unité.<br />
La deuxième section porte le nom du type d’unité, où Service est la plus courante.<br />
Cette section définit l’unité.<br />
La section Installer contient des instructions sur la façon d’activer/désactiver une unité.</p>
<h4 id="simple-service">Simple Service</h4>
<p>Cet exemple démarre un serveur memcached sur le port 11212.</p>
<p>La section <strong>Unit</strong> définit uniquement la description et une URL (facultative) à des fins de documentation.<br />
La section <strong>Service</strong> définit la commande et les paramètres de démarrage et d’arrêt.<br />
La commande d’arrêt est facultative.<br />
Si systemd arrête un service, il exécutera d’abord la commande d’arrêt, puis tuera tous les processus restants de cette unité.</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>~/.config/systemd/user/mymemcached.service
</code></pre></div></div>
<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span>Unit]
<span class="nv">Description</span><span class="o">=</span>Custom memcached on port 11212
<span class="nv">Documentation</span><span class="o">=</span>https://support.nine.ch/a/Ws7sDLPoiTo
<span class="o">[</span>Service]
<span class="nv">ExecStart</span><span class="o">=</span>/usr/bin/memcached <span class="nt">-A</span> <span class="nt">-m</span> 32 <span class="nt">-p</span> 11212 <span class="nt">-u</span> www-data <span class="nt">-l</span> 127.0.0.1 <span class="nt">-P</span> /home/www-data/memcached.pid
<span class="o">[</span>Install]
<span class="nv">WantedBy</span><span class="o">=</span>default.target
</code></pre></div></div>
<h4 id="forking-service">Forking Service</h4>
<p>Systemd déconseille les services qui se démonisent. Si votre application doit être démonisée, vous devez en tenir compte dans la configuration de l’unité en définissant le service <strong>Type</strong> sur <strong>forking</strong> dans la section <strong>Service</strong> . Dans ce cadre, il est recommandé de définir l’option <strong>PIDFile</strong> permettant d’indiquer à systemd quel processus est le processus principal.</p>
<p>Pour plus de commodité, les spécificateurs peuvent être utilisés pour créer des fichiers d’unité plus robustes et portables. Par exemple, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">%h</code> est remplacé par le répertoire personnel de l’utilisateur et <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">%p</code> par le nom de l’unité. D’autres spécificateurs sont documentés dans la page de manuel <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">systemd.unit</code></p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>~/.config/systemd/user/mymemcached.service
</code></pre></div></div>
<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span>Unit]
<span class="nv">Description</span><span class="o">=</span>Custom memcached on port 11212
<span class="nv">Documentation</span><span class="o">=</span>https://support.nine.ch/a/Ws7sDLPoiTo
<span class="o">[</span>Service]
<span class="nv">Type</span><span class="o">=</span>forking
<span class="nv">ExecStart</span><span class="o">=</span>/usr/bin/memcached <span class="nt">-A</span> <span class="nt">-m</span> 32 <span class="nt">-p</span> 11212 <span class="nt">-u</span> www-data <span class="nt">-l</span> 127.0.0.1 <span class="nt">-P</span> %h/.%p.pid
<span class="o">[</span>Install]
<span class="nv">WantedBy</span><span class="o">=</span>default.target
</code></pre></div></div>
<h4 id="template-service">Template Service</h4>
<p>Les modèles sont un outil puissant de systemd.<br />
Les unités dont le nom se termine par un <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">@</code> sont considérées comme une unité modèle. La configuration d’un modèle vous permet de lancer plusieurs instances similaires du même service avec différents ports ou sockets. La partie qui suit <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">@</code> est alors factorisée dans le spécificateur <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">%i</code> pour être utilisée dans le fichier unit.</p>
<p>Si vous collez l’exemple suivant dans un fichier nommé <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">mymemcached@.service</code>, vous pouvez en lancer plusieurs instances.</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>.config/systemd/user/mymemcached@.service
</code></pre></div></div>
<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span>Unit]
<span class="nv">Description</span><span class="o">=</span>Custom memcached on port %i
<span class="nv">Documentation</span><span class="o">=</span>https://support.nine.ch/a/Ws7sDLPoiTo
<span class="o">[</span>Service]
<span class="nv">ExecStart</span><span class="o">=</span>/usr/bin/memcached <span class="nt">-A</span> <span class="nt">-m</span> 32 <span class="nt">-p</span> %i <span class="nt">-u</span> www-data <span class="nt">-l</span> 127.0.0.1 <span class="nt">-P</span> %h/%p-%i.pid
<span class="o">[</span>Install]
<span class="nv">WantedBy</span><span class="o">=</span>default.target
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Par exemple, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">mymemcached@7777</code> et <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">mymemcached@7778</code>d émarrerait un serveur memcached sur les ports 7777 et 7778 respectivement.</p>
<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>systemctl <span class="nt">--user</span> <span class="nb">enable </span>mymemcached@7778.service
Created symlink /home/www-data/.config/systemd/user/default.target.wants/mymemcached@7778.service → /home/www-data/.config/systemd/user/mymemcached@.service.
www-data@nine01-test:~ <span class="nv">$ </span>systemctl <span class="nt">--user</span> start mymemcached@7778.service
www-data@nine01-test:~ <span class="nv">$ </span>systemctl <span class="nt">--user</span> status mymemcached@7778.service
● mymemcached@7778.service - Custom memcached on port 7778
Loaded: loaded <span class="o">(</span>/home/www-data/.config/systemd/user/mymemcached@.service<span class="p">;</span> indirect<span class="p">;</span> vendor preset: enabled<span class="o">)</span>
Active: active <span class="o">(</span>running<span class="o">)</span> since Thu 2022-01-27 08:55:58 CET<span class="p">;</span> 7s ago
Docs: https://support.nine.ch/a/Ws7sDLPoiTo
Main PID: 108919 <span class="o">(</span>memcached<span class="o">)</span>
CGroup: /user.slice/user-33.slice/user@33.service/mymemcached.slice/mymemcached@7778.service
└─108919 /usr/bin/memcached <span class="nt">-A</span> <span class="nt">-m</span> 32 <span class="nt">-p</span> 7778 <span class="nt">-u</span> www-data <span class="nt">-l</span> 127.0.0.1 <span class="nt">-P</span> /home/www-data/memcached-7778.pid
Jan 27 08:55:58 nine01-test systemd[1634]: Started Custom memcached on port 7778.
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="extraits-de-configuration-avancés">Extraits de configuration avancés</h3>
<h4 id="tâches-avant-et-après-le-démarrage">Tâches avant et après le démarrage</h4>
<p>Si votre service dépend de certaines étapes supplémentaires lors de la routine de démarrage ou d’arrêt, vous pouvez utiliser les options <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ExecStart</code> et <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ExecStop</code> en combinaison avec les suffixes <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Pre</code> ou <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Post</code>. Le paramètre peut être répété plusieurs fois pour plusieurs étapes et actions à exécuter.</p>
<p>En préfixant votre commande avec un <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-</code>, vous pouvez indiquer à systemd d’ignorer les erreurs de cette commande. Systemd interrompra le processus de démarrage si vous ne spécifiez pas cet indicateur et qu’une erreur se produit au démarrage.</p>
<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span>Service]
<span class="nv">ExecStartPre</span><span class="o">=</span>/bin/mkdir <span class="nt">-p</span> /tmp/mytempdir
<span class="nv">ExecStartPre</span><span class="o">=</span>-/bin/false
<span class="nv">ExecStartPost</span><span class="o">=</span>/usr/bin/touch /tmp/mytempdir/started
<span class="nv">ExecStopPost</span><span class="o">=</span>/bin/rm <span class="nt">-rf</span> /tmp/mytempdir
</code></pre></div></div>
<h4 id="recharger">Recharger</h4>
<p>Si votre service est capable de recharger sa configuration, vous pouvez utiliser le paramètre <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ExecReload</code> pour spécifier comment déclencher le rechargement.</p>
<p>Pour recharger le service, systemd exécute la commande donnée. La variable <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">$MAINPID</code> est définie sur l’ID de processus principal du service.</p>
<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span>Service]
<span class="nv">ExecReload</span><span class="o">=</span>/bin/kill <span class="nt">-HUP</span> <span class="nv">$MAINPID</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h4 id="redémarrage">Redémarrage</h4>
<p>Avec le paramètre <strong>Restart</strong> , vous pouvez spécifier si systemd doit redémarrer l’unité si elle se ferme de manière inattendue. La valeur par défaut pour Redémarrer est <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">no</code>. Le définir sur <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">always</code> fera que systemd redémarrera automatiquement le processus.</p>
<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span>Service]
<span class="nv">Restart</span><span class="o">=</span>always
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Si vous ne surveillez pas le service d’une autre manière, il est fortement recommandé de définir <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Restart=always</code>. Bien que cela n’empêche aucune interruption, l’impact sera moindre.</p>
<h4 id="variables-denvironnement">Variables d’environnement</h4>
<p>Outre les fichiers de configuration, les applications peuvent également être configurées via des variables d’environnement. Systemd vous permet de définir un répertoire de travail ( <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">WorkingDirectory</code>) ainsi que des variables d’environnement ( <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">Environment</code>) dans la configuration de l’unité.</p>
<p>De plus, vous pouvez spécifier un fichier qui contient plus de variables d’environnement ( <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">EnvironmentFile</code>), pour faire partie de vos déploiements. Si vous souhaitez utiliser cette option, le fichier doit exister pour que systemd puisse démarrer le service. Préfixer la déclaration avec un <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-</code> obligera systemd à ignorer l’option si le fichier n’existe pas. Les entrées <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">EnvironmentFile</code> doivent être dans un format <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">KEY=VALUE</code>.</p>
<div class="language-shell highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="o">[</span>Service]
<span class="nv">WorkingDirectory</span><span class="o">=</span>/home/www-data/servicedir
<span class="nv">Environment</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">ENV</span><span class="o">=</span>production
<span class="nv">EnvironmentFile</span><span class="o">=</span>-/home/www-data/servicedir/.env
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Liens</p>
<p>Vous trouverez plus d’informations et d’options sur les unités dans la page de manuel <a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.unit.html">systemd.unit</a><br />
Pour les unités de service, les pages de manuel <a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.service.html">systemd.service</a> et <a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.exec.html">systemd.exec</a> constituent un bon point de départ.</p>
<h3 id="services-utilisateurs-au-démarrage">Services utilisateurs au démarrage</h3>
<p>La configuration par défaut de systemd-logind est conçue afin de s’assurer que les processus lancés par un utilisateur ne lui survivent pas. Du coup, cette instance est lancée lors du login, et coupée lors du log out <em>de toutes les sessions de l’utilisateur</em> (une seule instance est lancée même si vous vous connectez 5 fois à la machine).</p>
<p>Evidemment, ce n’est pas ce que l’on recherche ici, mais heureusement il est possible de dire à systemd que l’instance d’un utilisateur soit tout le temps présente, du boot au shutdown, ce qui permet d’avoir des processus (services) utilisateurs qui tournent sans avoir de session ouverte.</p>
<p>Il suffit de faire ceci (en root):</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>sudo loginctl enable-linger $USER
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Redémarrer la machine…</p>
<h2 id="exemple---lancer-virtualbox-dans-tmux-en-ligne-de-commande">Exemple - Lancer VirtualBox dans tmux en ligne de commande</h2>
<p>Ligne de commande</p>
<div class="language-bash highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>/usr/bin/tmux new-session <span class="nt">-s</span> virtuel <span class="nt">-d</span> /usr/bin/VBoxManage startvm <span class="s1">'Debian Stretch'</span> <span class="nt">--type</span> headless
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>La commande <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">new-session</code> permet de créer une nouvelle session dédiée, dont le nom est <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">virtuel</code>. Le paramètre <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">-d</code> permet de détacher immédiatement la session tmux, et ensuite suit la commande à exécuter.</p>
<h3 id="une-instance-utilisateur-de-systemd">une instance “utilisateur” de systemd</h3>
<p>Si tout le monde connaît le systemd qui tourne avec le PID 1, au niveau du système, on connait moins le systemd qui tourne avec un PID quelconque, et qui gère les services liés à un utilisateur donné.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/pam_systemd.html">pam-systemd</a> et <a href="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-logind.service.html">systemd-logind</a> permettent à systemd d’instancier des <em>slices</em> pour les différents utilisateurs et des <em>scopes</em> pour les différentes sessions (<a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Systemd/User">voir systemd user ,wiki Archlinux</a>).</p>
<p>Si vous exécutez <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">systemctl status</code>, vous pourrez retrouver ce type d’info dans l’arborescence:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> ├─user.slice
│ └─user-1000.slice
│ ├─user@1000.service
│ │ ├─tmux-irc.service
│ │ │ ├─5138 /usr/bin/tmux new-session -d -s irc /usr/bin/irssi
│ │ │ └─5139 /usr/bin/irssi
│ │ └─init.scope
│ │ ├─18920 /lib/systemd/systemd --user
│ │ └─18921 (sd-pam)
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>C’est relativement anodin au jour le jour (le plus souvent ça permet de s’assurer que rien ne subsiste une fois qu’un utilisateur se délogue), mais via ce mécanisme, systemd permet aussi à certains utilisateurs de fournir leurs propres <em>units</em>. C’est cela que nous allons utiliser pour notre session tmux.</p>
<h3 id="créer-une-unit-utilisateur-pour-le-service">Créer une “unit” utilisateur pour le service</h3>
<p>Il est possible de placer les <em>units</em> propres à un utilisateur dans le dossier <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">~/.config/systemd/user/</code>.<br />
Créer le dossier</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>mkdir -p ~/.config/systemd/user
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Le fichier unit <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">tmux-virtuel.service</code>:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>nano ~/.config/systemd/user/tmux-virtuel.service
</code></pre></div></div>
<div class="language-ini highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nn">[Unit]</span>
<span class="py">Description</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s">tmux instance with virtual running in it.</span>
<span class="nn">[Service]</span>
<span class="py">ExecStart</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s">/usr/bin/tmux new-session -d -s virtuel /usr/bin/VBoxManage startvm 'Debian Stretch' --type headless</span>
<span class="py">Type</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s">forking</span>
<span class="py">Restart</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s">always</span>
<span class="nn">[Install]</span>
<span class="py">WantedBy</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="s">default.target</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Une fois ce fichier placé au bon endroit, il suffit de reloader <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">systemd</code> puis on peut démarrer le service:</p>
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>$ systemctl --user daemon-reload
$ systemctl start --user tmux-virtuel
$ systemctl status --user tmux-virtuel
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Par contre si vous rebootez la machine, ça ne marche pas. En fait, l’instance utilisateur de systemd n’est créée que lorsqu’un utilisateur se logue. Donc, pour le coté “présence constante”, ça n’est pas suffisant.</p>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Théoriquement, il me semble tmux devrait également être arrêté lors du log-out mais ce n’est pas le cas, en tout cas sous Debian.</p>
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function calc(needPreCalc) {
needPreCalc && preCalc();
scrollBottom = $scroll.outerHeight() - offsetBottom - rootHeight;
rootBottomTop = scrollBottom - rootTop;
}
function top() {
if (curState !== 'top') {
$root.removeClass('fixed').css({
left: 0,
top: 0
});
curState = 'top';
}
}
function fixed() {
if (curState !== 'fixed') {
$root.addClass('fixed').css({
left: rootLeft + 'px',
top: 0
});
curState = 'fixed';
}
}
function bottom() {
if (curState !== 'bottom') {
$root.removeClass('fixed').css({
left: 0,
top: rootBottomTop + 'px'
});
curState = 'bottom';
}
}
function setState() {
var scrollTop = $scrollTarget.scrollTop();
if (scrollTop >= rootTop && scrollTop <= scrollBottom) {
fixed();
} else if (scrollTop < rootTop) {
top();
} else {
bottom();
}
}
function init() {
if(!hasInit) {
var interval, timeout;
calc(true); setState();
// run calc every 100 millisecond
interval = setInterval(function() {
calc();
}, 100);
timeout = setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
}, 45000);
window.pageLoad.then(function() {
setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
clearTimeout(timeout);
}, 3000);
});
$scrollTarget.on('scroll', function() {
disabled || setState();
});
$window.on('resize', function() {
disabled || (calc(true), setState());
});
hasInit = true;
}
}
setOptions(options);
if (!disabled) {
init();
}
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
init();
}, 200));
return {
setOptions: setOptions,
refresh: function() {
calc(true, { animation: false }); setState();
}
};
}
$.fn.affix = affix;
});
})();
(function() {
var SOURCES = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.sources;
window.Lazyload.js(SOURCES.jquery, function() {
function toc(options) {
var $root = this, $window = $(window), $scrollTarget, $scroller, $tocUl = $('<ul class="toc toc--ellipsis"></ul>'), $tocLi, $headings, $activeLast, $activeCur,
selectors = 'h1,h2,h3', container = 'body', scrollTarget = window, scroller = 'html, body', disabled = false,
headingsPos, scrolling = false, hasRendered = false, hasInit = false;
function setOptions(options) {
var _options = options || {};
_options.selectors && (selectors = _options.selectors);
_options.container && (container = _options.container);
_options.scrollTarget && (scrollTarget = _options.scrollTarget);
_options.scroller && (scroller = _options.scroller);
_options.disabled !== undefined && (disabled = _options.disabled);
$headings = $(container).find(selectors).filter('[id]');
$scrollTarget = $(scrollTarget);
$scroller = $(scroller);
}
function calc() {
headingsPos = [];
$headings.each(function() {
headingsPos.push(Math.floor($(this).position().top));
});
}
function setState(element, disabled) {
var scrollTop = $scrollTarget.scrollTop(), i;
if (disabled || !headingsPos || headingsPos.length < 1) { return; }
if (element) {
$activeCur = element;
} else {
for (i = 0; i < headingsPos.length; i++) {
if (scrollTop >= headingsPos[i]) {
$activeCur = $tocLi.eq(i);
} else {
$activeCur || ($activeCur = $tocLi.eq(i));
break;
}
}
}
$activeLast && $activeLast.removeClass('active');
($activeLast = $activeCur).addClass('active');
}
function render() {
if(!hasRendered) {
$root.append($tocUl);
$headings.each(function() {
var $this = $(this);
$tocUl.append($('<li></li>').addClass('toc-' + $this.prop('tagName').toLowerCase())
.append($('<a></a>').text($this.text()).attr('href', '#' + $this.prop('id'))));
});
$tocLi = $tocUl.children('li');
$tocUl.on('click', 'a', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
var $this = $(this);
scrolling = true;
setState($this.parent());
$scroller.scrollToAnchor($this.attr('href'), 400, function() {
scrolling = false;
});
});
}
hasRendered = true;
}
function init() {
var interval, timeout;
if(!hasInit) {
render(); calc(); setState(null, scrolling);
// run calc every 100 millisecond
interval = setInterval(function() {
calc();
}, 100);
timeout = setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
}, 45000);
window.pageLoad.then(function() {
setTimeout(function() {
clearInterval(interval);
clearTimeout(timeout);
}, 3000);
});
$scrollTarget.on('scroll', function() {
disabled || setState(null, scrolling);
});
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
if (!disabled) {
render(); calc(); setState(null, scrolling);
}
}, 100));
}
hasInit = true;
}
setOptions(options);
if (!disabled) {
init();
}
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
init();
}, 200));
return {
setOptions: setOptions
};
}
$.fn.toc = toc;
});
})();
/*(function () {
})();*/
</script><script>
/* toc must before affix, since affix need to konw toc' height. */(function() {
var SOURCES = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.sources;
var TOC_SELECTOR = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.site.toc.selectors;
window.Lazyload.js(SOURCES.jquery, function() {
var $window = $(window);
var $articleContent = $('.js-article-content');
var $tocRoot = $('.js-toc-root'), $col2 = $('.js-col-aside');
var toc;
var tocDisabled = false;
var hasSidebar = $('.js-page-root').hasClass('layout--page--sidebar');
var hasToc = $articleContent.find(TOC_SELECTOR).length > 0;
function disabled() {
return $col2.css('display') === 'none' || !hasToc;
}
tocDisabled = disabled();
toc = $tocRoot.toc({
selectors: TOC_SELECTOR,
container: $articleContent,
scrollTarget: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
scroller: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
disabled: tocDisabled
});
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
tocDisabled = disabled();
toc && toc.setOptions({
disabled: tocDisabled
});
}, 100));
});
})();
(function() {
var SOURCES = window.TEXT_VARIABLES.sources;
window.Lazyload.js(SOURCES.jquery, function() {
var $window = $(window), $pageFooter = $('.js-page-footer');
var $pageAside = $('.js-page-aside');
var affix;
var tocDisabled = false;
var hasSidebar = $('.js-page-root').hasClass('layout--page--sidebar');
affix = $pageAside.affix({
offsetBottom: $pageFooter.outerHeight(),
scrollTarget: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
scroller: hasSidebar ? '.js-page-main' : null,
scroll: hasSidebar ? $('.js-page-main').children() : null,
disabled: tocDisabled
});
$window.on('resize', window.throttle(function() {
affix && affix.setOptions({
disabled: tocDisabled
});
}, 100));
window.pageAsideAffix = affix;
});
})();
</script><!---->
</div>
<script>(function () {
var $root = document.getElementsByClassName('root')[0];
if (window.hasEvent('touchstart')) {
$root.dataset.isTouch = true;
document.addEventListener('touchstart', function(){}, false);
}
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>
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